UNAM Identifies Soil-Enhancing Bacteria in Oaxaca

A research group from UNAM’s Institute of Geography identified bacterial populations that enhance soil fertility within the Mixteca Alta UNESCO Global Geopark. The discovery could help develop local bioinputs to reduce reliance on agrochemicals and promote more sustainable agricultural practices and soil restoration. 

The study, led by Mario Martínez of the Oaxaca Genomic Observatory at the Academic Unit of Territorial Studies (UAET), utilized genetic sequencing to characterize microbial communities in traditional agricultural systems.

The team analyzed soils from three agroecosystems: lama-bordos, terraces, and valleys. Martínez reported that these structures, constructed over 3,400 years ago, have maintained edaphic conditions rich in organic matter. "Although farmers did not explicitly identify microbes, their traditional knowledge regarding soil management created environments that promote beneficial bacterial communities," he stated.

The study utilized 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine the composition of the soil microbiomes. The analysis revealed the dominance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi, alongside families such as Solibacteraceae, Sphingomonadaceae, and Gemmatimonadaceae.

According to the findings, these groups participate in essential processes, including organic matter decomposition, soil aggregate formation, pathogen suppression, and the cycling of carbon and nitrogen. The genomic analysis also identified metabolic pathways related to plant growth promotion. The identification of these bacteria allows for the development of local bioinputs, including regionally adapted biofertilizers and biostimulants. This approach aims to reinforce agroecological practices and enhance natural soil fertility without relying on intensive agrochemicals.

Martínez noted that the research facilitates the use of microbial genomics as a tool for ecological restoration in degraded zones. By integrating scientific analysis with local knowledge, the project positions the Mixteca Alta Geopark as a model for combining traditional agriculture, ecology, and biotechnology while conserving microbial biodiversity.

Mixing  Traditional Practices With Science 

Experts suggest that integrating ancestral techniques with modern science is key to addressing current food and health challenges. César Ozuna, Director of the Food Department, University of Guanajuato (UGTO), emphasized that modern innovation should not be at odds with traditional practices. He noted that academic research can validate and adapt ancient methods to create affordable, healthy solutions for the broader population.

Ozuna highlighted his research group's work using nixtamalization on products like pumpkin to create fortified tortillas. “We are taking advantage of traditional knowledge to make new developments that also have an impact on the population,  and are at accessible prices,” he said, noting that the developed tortillas have the potential to be a dietary supplement for women during menopause.