UniSA Develops Star-Based Navigation System for GPS-Free Drones

Researchers at the University of South Australia (UniSA) have developed a celestial navigation system that could revolutionize drone technology. By integrating star-based navigation with standard autopilot systems, the new approach enables uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) to operate without GPS, reducing vulnerability to jamming and improving stealth.

The system uses celestial triangulation and vision-based computing via a compact payload that includes a Raspberry Pi 5 mini-computer and a monochrome sensor with a wide-angle lens. This innovative design addresses a critical challenge in UAV operations: dependence on GPS, which is prone to jamming and interference.

"If we are able to identify those stars and compare them against a database, we can infer the location of the aircraft from that data," explained Samuel Teague, Researcher and Co-developer, UniSA.

Flight tests with a fixed-wing UAV showed the system can estimate its position within 4 kilometers. While less precise than GPS, it offers high reliability in environments where GPS is unavailable or compromised. Additionally, the system is entirely passive, emitting no signals, which enhances its stealth capabilities.

“This navigation method is resilient, independent of external signals, and achievable with low-cost, accessible components. It is applicable to a variety of UAVs, from commercial drones to advanced defense applications,” said Javaan Chahl, senior researcher, UniSA.

The system’s non-emissive design has significant implications for military and defense. In conflict zones, such as the ongoing war in Ukraine, GPS jamming is a frequent tactic. By removing the need for GPS, this technology counters electronic warfare and enhances UAV survivability.

“In environmental monitoring over remote locations or long-endurance surveillance missions where GPS might be unavailable, this technology provides a valuable new capability,” Chahl added.

However, the system also raises security concerns. Drones equipped with celestial navigation could evade detection by conventional air defense systems, heightening risks of unauthorized UAV incursions in restricted airspaces.

The system does have limitations, as it requires clear skies for star observation. This constraint could restrict its use in cloudy conditions or areas with significant light pollution.