WHO Launches Framework for Investigating Pathogen Origins

The World Health Organization (WHO), with guidance from the Scientific Advisory Group for the Origins of Novel Pathogens (SAGO), has unveiled a new global framework aimed at aiding member states in investigating the origins of new and re-emerging pathogens. This initiative represents the first comprehensive and unified approach to understanding the sources of novel pathogens, addressing a crucial gap in outbreak investigation methodologies.

“Understanding when, where, how and why epidemics and pandemics begin is both a scientific imperative, to prevent future outbreaks, and a moral imperative for the sake of those who lose their lives to them,” says Tedros Adhanom, Director General, WHO.

The framework outlines a structured approach to investigating pathogen origins, integrating several key technical elements, as reported by WHO. It begins with early investigations into initial cases and outbreaks to identify potential sources of exposure. This includes collecting samples at the source and defining the pathogen's characteristics to develop diagnostic tests.

Human studies are also emphasized, focusing on understanding the epidemiology of the pathogen, including its clinical presentation, transmission modes, and presence in syndromic surveillance samples. The framework further addresses the human-animal interface by identifying potential animal reservoirs and intermediate hosts, along with studying reverse zoonoses, where pathogens are transmitted from humans back to animals.

In addition to examining human-animal interactions, the framework calls for investigations into insect vectors and environmental sources of infection. This includes analyzing the earliest presence of pathogens in various environments. Genomic and phylogenetic studies are also critical components, aimed at identifying precursor strains, genomic characteristics, and the evolution of pathogens in intermediate hosts and humans over time.

Biosafety and biosecurity studies are included to assess whether any breaches in laboratory or research activities might have contributed to the initial cases. The framework is designed to provide comprehensive guidance to scientists, researchers, public health authorities, and investigators, detailing the necessary capacities and tools for effective implementation. This includes human resources, surveillance systems, biosafety and biosecurity regulations, and advanced laboratory capabilities. It also underscores the importance of sharing findings promptly and transparently to guide public health responses.

This new global framework is expected to enhance the effectiveness of investigations into emerging and re-emerging pathogens, ultimately aiding in the prevention of future pandemics and ensuring better global health security.